“Biblical Anger Management”
By Pastor Dan Kennedy
© February 17, 2019
Everyone struggles with anger from time to time…it is part of our human nature – some more controlled, and some less.
Anger can be excused as a way to assure that our children or others now realize that we really “mean business,” that we mean what we say. Once the trigger of our personal anger is twinged, we raise our voice and harden our tone. We vent our anger and give others “a piece of our mind!” It actually can make us feel pretty good…in a strange kind of way. That we have “power.” That we are “right!” “Do it the way ‘I’ want it done!”
Anger could be a means that we can assert our will in control over others – to have them “back down” so we can “get our way.”
A cat arches its back, hisses, shows it fangs and unhinges its claws. A dog growls and bares its teeth. Humans have their own way of baring their teeth…they raise their voice and “bare their tongue,” or turn a “frozen cold shoulder.”
It can also be an unfortunate time when some of the things said, we come to woefully regret. For some, it could be a time when curse words explode from our lips, to enforce our supreme, irrefutable opinions. Sometimes, angry outbursts are a time when we sin against God.
Many marriages have been destroyed during such times of angry outbursts.
Family and close relationships have been ripped apart through angry tirades or brooding sarcastic reactions...sometimes over the most trivial of issues, but pride can assert itself to step in the way of the humility of repentance, grace and healing – refusing to bind up the open, agonizing wounds, causing festering, contamination and evil transformation through bitter hatred, to self-perpetuate for days, weeks, years, or a lifetime…even generations.
The Scripture speaks to everyone about our battle with anger, which can be the vicious destroyer of peace. We can either consider the Scripture’s wisdom on how to deal with divisive anger, or discount its Godly opinion, and suffer the debilitating consequences.
Parental Education can often begin early. We teach our children to say, “I’m sorry,” for hurtful words, attitudes or actions; and, to the one offended the proper response, “I forgive you.” Both are essential.
If we learn to control our anger and reject the haughtiness of pride, learning the humility of forgiveness at an early age, it will certainly go a long way toward a maturing, positive and blessed life in the long-run.
Today, we are continuing in our study of the book of James. Instead of separating various themes out of this passage and applying them individually, we will be looking at James 1:19-27 from the singular perspective of “anger,” which may be appropriately called Biblical Anger Management.
James 1:19–27
Biblical Anger Management
19 My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this:
Everyone should be:
· Quick to listen,
· Slow to speak and
· Slow to become angry, 20because our
-
• Anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires.
· 21 Therefore, Get Rid of all moral filth and the evil (the stimulus for destructive anger) that is so prevalent and
· Humbly accept the Word planted in you, which can save you.
· 22Do not merely Listen to the Word, and so deceive yourselves.
· Do what it [God’s Word] says.
If you want to honorably manage (you can’t totally get rid of it) Anger:
Everyone should be:
1. Quick to Listen
Proverbs 10:19
19 When words are many, sin is not absent,
but he who holds his tongue is wise.
Matthew 12:36–37
36 But I tell you that people will have to give account on the day of judgment for every empty word they have spoken. 37Forby your words you will be acquitted, and by your words you will be condemned.”
Psalm 37:8
8 Refrain from anger and turn from wrath;
do not fret—it leads only to evil.
Ecclesiastes 5:1–2
1 Guard your steps when you go to the house of God. To draw near to listen is better than to offer the sacrifice of fools, for they do not know that they are doing evil. 2 Be not rash with your mouth, nor let your heart be hasty to utter a word before God, for God is in heaven and you are on earth. Therefore, let your words be few.
Everyone should be:
2. Slow to Speak
Proverbs 15:1
A soft answer turns away wrath,
but a harsh word stirs up anger.
Ecclesiastes 10:4
4 …calmness will lay great offenses to rest.
1 Corinthians 13:4–5
4 Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs.
Everyone should be:
3. Slow to become Angry
Ephesians 4:26–27
26“In your anger do not sin”: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry, 27 and do not give the devil a foothold.
Proverbs 15:18
18 A hot-tempered man stirs up strife,
but he who is slow to anger quiets contention.
Proverbs 14:29
29 Whoever is slow to anger has great understanding,
but he who has a hasty temper exalts folly.
The Worldly-Wise acknowledge the fallacy and foolishness of fighting anger with anger
• When angry, count to ten before you speak; if very angry, a hundred. —Thomas Jefferson in “A Decalogue of Canons for observation in practical life” (in letter, 1825)
• It is said of Julius Caesar that, when provoked, he used to repeat the whole Roman alphabet before he allowed himself to speak.
• The greatest remedy for anger is delay — Seneca
• The best answer to anger is silence — German Proverb
• “He who goes to bed angry has the devil for a bed-fellow.” Never take your enemies to bed with you — Old Latin proverb
• Keep cool; anger is not an argument — Daniel Webster
• Swallowing angry words before you say them is better than having to eat them afterwards.[1]
Everyone should be:
1. Quick to Listen
2. Slow to Speak
3. Slow to become Angry
Why should a Christian seek to managehis or her Anger?
James 1:20 Because anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires
Proverbs 29:22
22 An angry man stirs up dissension,
and a hot-tempered one commits many sins.
Cain and Abel
Genesis 4:2–7
2 …Now Abel kept flocks, and Cain worked the soil. 3 In the course of time Cain brought some of the fruits of the soil as an offering to the Lord. 4 But Abel brought fat portions from some of the firstborn of his flock. The Lord looked with favor on Abel and his offering, 5 but on Cain and his offering he (God) did not look with favor. So Cain was very angry, and his face was downcast.
6 Then the Lord said to Cain, “Why are you angry? Why is your face downcast? 7 If you do what is right, will you not be accepted? But if you do not do what is right, sin is crouching at your door; it desires to have you, but you must master it.”
Moses’ Anger
Moses was the meekest man on earth (Num. 12:3), he spoke with God face to Face, as someone “speaks to his friend” (Ex. 33:11), but Moses also had a temper – sometimes in righteous wrath and sometimes, not so righteous. It most likely was the misuse of his temper that kept him from leading the Israelites into the Promised Land.
Exodus 32:19
19 And as soon as he came near the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, Moses’ anger burned hot, and he threw the tablets out of his hands and broke them at the foot of the mountain.
Numbers 16:12–16 The Rebellion of Korah, Dathan and Abiram
12 And Moses sent to call Dathan and Abiram the sons of Eliab, and they said, “We will not come up. 13 Is it a small thing that you have brought us up out of a land flowing with milk and honey, to kill us in the wilderness, that you must also make yourself a prince over us? 14 Moreover, you have not brought us into a land flowing with milk and honey, nor given us inheritance of fields and vineyards. Will you put out the eyes of these men? We will not come up.” 15 And Moses was very angry and said to the Lord, “Do not respect their offering. I have not taken one donkey from them, and I have not harmed one of them.”
Psalm 106:32–33
32 They angered him at the waters of Meribah,
and it went ill with Moses on their account,
33 for they made his spirit bitter,
and he spoke rashly with his lips. (See also Numbers 20:10–13)
Anger can make one subject to Judgment
Matthew 5:22
22 But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother will be liable to judgment; whoever insults his brother will be liable to the council (the supreme council or court in ancient Israel); and whoever says, ‘You fool!’ will be liable to the hell of fire.
Everyone should be:
1. Quick to Listen
2. Slow to Speak
3. Slow to become Angry
· James 1:20 because our Anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires.
4. James 1:21 Therefore, get rid of all moral filth and the evil that is so prevalent
Colossians 3:8
8But now you must rid yourselves of all such things as these: anger, rage, malice, slander, and filthy language from your lips.
Ephesians 4:31
31 Get rid of all bitterness, rage and anger, brawling and slander, along with every form of malice.
2 Corinthians 12:20
20For I am afraid that when I come I may not find you as I want you to be, and you may not find me as you want me to be. I fear that there may be quarreling, jealousy, outbursts of anger,factions, slander, gossip, arrogance and disorder.
1 Timothy 2:8
8 I want men everywhere to lift up holy hands in prayer, without anger or disputing.
Everyone should be:
1. Quick to Listen
2. Slow to Speak
3. Slow to become Angry
· James 1:20 because our Anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires.
4. Get Rid of all Moral Filth and the Evil that is so Prevalent and
5. Humbly accept the Word planted in you, which can save you.
6. James 1:22 Do not merely Listen to the Word, and so deceive yourselves.
· Do what [God’s Word] says.
The “Mirror” Illustration
James 1:23 Those who listen to the word but do not do what it says are like people who look at their faces in a mirror 24 and, after looking at themselves, go away and immediately forget what they look like.
Doers of God’s Word will be Blessed
James 1:25 But those who look intently into the perfect law that gives freedom and continue in it—not forgetting what they have heard but doing it—they will be blessed in what they do.
7. When You Speak – (after you “listen”:)
Consider the Necessity of Reigning in your Tongue
James 1:26 Those who consider themselves religious and yet do not keep a tight rein on their tongues deceive themselves, and their religion is worthless.
8. When you Do Religious Service Make it Count: Undefiled Religion
27 Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this:
· to look after orphans and widows in their distress and
· to keep oneself from being polluted by the world.
“Religion”
Why is a clarification of pure and undefiled “Religion” inserted at this juncture after a condemnation of defiled “anger?”
The Greek word used for “religion” here could be seen as uncertain in consistency in its use four times in the New Testament.
2356 θρησκεία [threskeia/thrace·ki·ah/] n f.; Four occurrences (James 1:26-27; Acts 26:5; Colossians 2:18); AV translates as “religion” three times, and “worshipping” once. 1 religious worship. 1a esp. external, that which consists of ceremonies. 1a1 religious discipline, religion.[2]
Unrestrained tongues cause worthless “religion”
James 1:26
26 Those who consider themselves religious [a worshipper of God] and yet do not keep a tight rein on their tongues deceive themselves, and their religion2356 is worthless.
When you Do Religious Service, make it count!
Consider Religious Opportunities that God Considers to be Pure and Faultless
James 1:27
Religion2356 that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this:
· to look after orphans and widows in their distress and
· to keep oneself from being polluted by the world.
Other usages of “Religion” in the New Testament
“Religion” in reference to a “denominational” association or heritage
Acts 26:5
5 They have known me for a long time and can testify, if they are willing, that according to the strictest sect of our religion2356, I lived as a Pharisee.
“Religious” practices which may or may not be Biblical
Colossians 2:18
18 Do not let anyone who delights in false humility and the worship2356 of angels disqualify you for the prize. Such a person goes into great detail about what he has seen, and his unspiritual mind puffs him up with idle notions.
Pure and Faultless Religion
· To look after orphans and widows in their distress
[To pursue Pure and Faultless Religious opportunities]
Could it be that sometimes misuse of our anger and our tongue makes us feel like we have blown it so bad we need to do something to fix our mistakes, so we may try “religious” endeavors. James interrupts our opinion of what “good works in religion” is, and supplants our angry reactions to trivial personal slights, with that which has substance.
If we really want to know who is suffering, look at those who have lost their spouse and/or parent[s]. They live and must contend with real life issues, potentially for the rest of their lives, not just contrived feelings and angry hurts over misunderstandings. If you wish to participate in helping those who need you, help those who are dealing with constant loneliness, potential financial insecurity and poignant feelings of abandonment, etc., etc.
Job’s God-fearing “religion” understood the need to serve those in real need
Job 31:17–18
17 if I have kept my bread to myself,
not sharing it with the fatherless—
18 but from my youth I reared him as would a father,
and from my birth I guided the widow—
Isaiah’s rebuke to the pompous and hypocritical Israelites of his day was to refocus their “religion” on Justice for those without security and defense.
Isaiah 1:16–17
16 wash and make yourselves clean.
Take your evil deeds out of my sight!
Stop doing wrong,
17 learn to do right!
Seek justice, encourage the oppressed.
Defend the cause of the fatherless,
plead the case of the widow.
Isaiah 1:23
23 Your rulers are rebels,
companions of thieves;
they all love bribes
and chase after gifts.
They do not defend the cause of the fatherless;
the widow’s case does not come before them.
Jesus’ Teaching on End-Time Judgment clarified those whose lives and honorable Pure and Faultless “Religious Service”graphically separated them from the hypocritical “religious,” who were left speechless and cast out.
Matthew 25:34–36
34 “Then the King will say to those on his right, ‘Come, you who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world. 35For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, 36I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me.’
Pure and Undefiled Religion also has as its foundation, not only pure and faultless service; but also, a second part: An Honorable Heart Before God:
· To keep oneself from being polluted by the world.
Keeping unpolluted from the world may be often overlooked in the rush to have noteworthy humanitarian service. This “link” to God-honoring religious practice, associates those performing their selfless service, to also have inward honor and purity before God. It is within the context of this duality that pure and faultless “religious” service is pleasing to God.
Psalm 15:1-5
A psalm of David.
1 Lord, who may dwell in your sanctuary?
Who may live on your holy mountain?
2 Those whose walk is blameless,
who do what is righteous,
who speak the truth from their hearts;
3 who have no slander on their tongues,
who do their neighbors no wrong,
who cast no slur on others;
4 who despise those whose ways are vile
but honor whoever fears the Lord;
who keep their oaths even when it hurts;
5 who lend money to the poor without interest
and do not accept bribes against the innocent.
Whoever does these things
will never be shaken.
The “Eight-Steps” of Biblical Anger Management
Everyone should:
1. be Quick to Listen
2. be Slow to Speak
3. be Slow to become Angry, because…
· our Anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires.
4. Get Rid of all Moral Filth and the Evil that is so Prevalent and
5. Humbly accept the Word planted in you, which can save you.
6. 22Do not merely Listen to the Word, and so deceive yourselves.
· Do what God’s Word says.
7. When You Speak:Reign in your Tongue (anger provokes anger)
8. When you Do Religious Service Make it Count:
· pursue Pure and Faultless Religious opportunities…
· and keep yourself unpolluted from the world!
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ENDNOTES
Anger
1. Forbidden. Ec 7:9; Mt 5:22; Ro 12:19.
2. A work of the flesh. Ga 5:20.
3. A characteristic of fools. Pr 12:16; 14:29; 27:3; Ec 7:9.
4. Connected with
a. Pride. Pr 21:24.
b. Cruelty. Ge 49:7; Pr 27:3, 4.
c. Clamor and evil-speaking. Eph 4:31.
d. Malice and blasphemy. Col 3:8.
e. Strife and contention. Pr 21:19; 29:22; 30:33.
5. Brings its own punishment. Job 5:2; Pr 19:19; 25:28.
6. Grievous words stir up. Jdj 12:4; 2 Sa 19:43; Pr 15:1.
7. Should not betray us into sin. Ps 37:8; Eph 4:26.
8. In prayer be free from. 1 Ti 2:8.
9. May be averted by wisdom. Pr 29:8.
10. Meekness pacifies. Pr 15:1; Ec 10:4.
11. Children should not be provoked to. Eph 6:4; Col 3:21.
12. Be slow to. Pr 15:18; 16:32; 19:11; Tit 1:7; Jas 1:19.
13. Avoid those given to. Ge 49:6; Pr 22:24.
14. Justifiable, Exemplified
a. Our Lord. Mr 3:5.
b. Jacob. Ge 31:36.
c. Moses. Ex 11:8; 32:19; Le 10:16; Nu 16:15.
d. Nehemiah. Ne 5:6; 13:17, 25.
15. Sinful, Exemplified
a. Cain. Ge 4:5, 6.
b. Esau. Ge 27:45.
c. Simeon and Levi. Ge 49:5–7.
d. Moses. Nu 20:10, 11.
e. Balaam. Nu 22:27.
f. Saul. 1 Sa 20:30.
g. Ahab. 1 Ki 21:4.
h. Naaman. 2 Ki 5:11.
i. Asa. 2 Ch 16:10.
j. Uzziah. 2 Ch 26:19.
k. Haman. Es 3:5.
l. Nebuchadnezzar. Da 3:13.
m. Jonah. Jonah 4:4.
n. Herod. Mt 2:16.
o. Jews. Lu 4:28.
p. High Priest, &c. Ac 5:17; 7:54.[3]
Selected Scripture on God’s Mercy, Justice and Wrath
Exodus 34:5–7
5 The Lord descended in the cloud and stood with him there, and proclaimed the name of the Lord.6 The Lord passed before him and proclaimed, “The Lord, the Lord, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness, 7 keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, but who will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children and the children’s children, to the third and the fourth generation.”
Psalm 7:11
11 God is a righteous judge,
and a God who feels indignation every day.
Nahum 1:2
2 The Lord is a jealous and avenging God;
the Lordis avenging and wrathful;
the Lord takes vengeance on his adversaries
and keeps wrath for his enemies.
Deuteronomy 6:14–15
14 Do not follow other gods, the gods of the peoples around you; 15 for the Lord your God, who is among you, is a jealous God and his anger will burn against you, and he will destroy you from the face of the land.
1 Kings 11:4–9
4 As Solomon grew old, his wives turned his heart after other gods, and his heart was not fully devoted to the Lord his God, as the heart of David his father had been. 5 He followed Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians, and Molech the detestable god of the Ammonites. 6 So Solomon did evil in the eyes of the Lord; he did not follow the Lord completely, as David his father had done.
7 On a hill east of Jerusalem, Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the detestable god of Moab, and for Molech the detestable god of the Ammonites. 8 He did the same for all his foreign wives, who burned incense and offered sacrifices to their gods.
9 The Lord became angry with Solomon because his heart had turned away from the Lord, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice.
Mark 3:5
5 And he (Jesus) looked around at them with anger, grieved at their hardness of heart, and said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” He stretched it out, and his hand was restored.
Proverbs 11:4
4Wealth is worthless in the day of wrath,
but righteousness delivers from death.
Romans 2:8
8But for those who are self-seeking and who reject the truth and follow evil, there will be wrath and anger.
Revelation 14:9–11
9 And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and its image and receives a mark on his forehead or on his hand, 10 he also will drink the wine of God’s wrath, poured full strength into the cup of his anger, and he will be tormented with fire and sulfur in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb. 11 And the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever, and they have no rest, day or night, these worshipers of the beast and its image, and whoever receives the mark of its name.”
The Anger of God - We should Respect God’s Righteous Anger! (Psalm 2:11)
1. Averted by Christ. Lu 2:11, 14; Ro 5:9; 2 Co 5:18, 19; Eph 2:14, 17; Col 1:20; 1 Th 1:10.
2. Is averted from them that believe. Joh 3:14–18; Ro 3:25; 5:1.
3. Is averted upon confession of sin and repentance. Job 33:27, 28; Ps 106:43–45; Jer 3:12, 13; 18:7, 8; 31:18–20; Joel 2:12–14; Lu 15:18–20.
4. Is slow. Ps 103:8; Isa 48:9; Jonah 4:2; Na 1:3.
5. Is righteous. Ps 58:10, 11; La 1:18; Ro 2:6, 8; 3:5, 6; Re 16:6, 7.
6. The justice of, not to be questioned. Ro 9:18, 20, 22.
7. Manifested in terrors. Ex 14:24; Ps 76:6–8; Jer 10:10; La 2:20–22.
8. Manifested in judgments and afflictions. Job 21:17; Ps 78:49–51; 90:7; Isa 9:19; Jer 7:20; Eze 7:19; Heb 3:17.
9. Cannot be resisted. Job 9:13; 14:13; Ps 76:7; Na 1:6.
10. Aggravated by continual provocation. Nu 32:14.
11. Specially reserved for the day of wrath. Zep 1:14–18; Mt 25:41; Ro 2:5, 8; 2 Th 1:8; Re 6:17; 11:18; 19:15.
12. Against
a. The wicked. Ps 7:11; 21:8, 9; Isa 3:8; 13:9; Na 1:2, 3; Ro 1:18; 2:8; Eph 5:6; Col 3:6.
b. Those who forsake him. Ezr 8:22; Isa 1:4.
c. Unbelief. Ps 78:21, 22; Heb 3:18, 19; Joh 3:36.
d. Impenitence. Ps 7:12; Pr 1:30, 31; Isa 9:13, 14; Ro 2:5.
e. Apostasy. Heb 10:26, 27.
f. Idolatry. De 29:20, 27, 28; 32:19, 20, 22; Jos 23:16; 2 Ki 22:17; Ps 78:58, 59; Jer 44:3.
g. Sin, in saints. Ps 89:30–32; 90:7–9; 99:8; 102:9, 10; Isa 47:6.
13. Extreme, against those who oppose the gospel. Ps 2:2, 3, 5; 1 Th 2:16.
14. Folly of provoking. Jer 7:19; 1 Co 10:22.
15. To be dreaded. Ps 2:12; 76:7; 90:11; Mt 10:28.
16. To be deprecated. Ex 32:11; Ps 6:1; 38:1; 74:1, 2; Isa 64:9.
17. Removal of, should be prayed for. Ps 39:10; 79:5; 80:4; Da 9:16; Hab 3:2.
18. Tempered with mercy to saints. Ps 30:5; Isa 26:20; 54:8; 57:15, 16; Jer 30:11; Mic 7:11.
19. To be born with submission. 2 Sa 24:17; La 3:39, 43; Mic 7:9.
20. Should lead to repentance. Isa 42:24, 25; Jer 4:8.
21. Exemplified against
a. The old world. Ge 7:21–23.
b. Builders of Babel. Ge 11:8.
c. Cities of the plain. Ge 19:24, 25.
d. Egyptians. Ex 7:20; 8:6, 16, 24; 9:3, 9, 23; 10:13, 22; 12:29; 14:27.
e. Israelites. Ex 32:35; Nu 11:1, 33; 14:40–45; 21:6; 25:9; 2 Sa 24:1, 15.
f. Enemies of Israel. 1 Sa 5:6; 7:10.
g. Nadab, &c. Le 10:2.
h. The Spies. Nu 14:37.
i. Korah, &c. Nu 16:31, 35.
j. Aaron and Miriam. Nu 12:9, 10.
k. Five Kings. Jos 10:25.
l. Abimelech. Jdj 9:56.
m. Men of Bethshemesh. 1 Sa 6:19.
n. Saul. 1 Sa 31:6.
o. Uzzah. 2 Sa 6:7.
p. Saul’s family. 2 Sa 21:1.
q. Sennacherib. 2 Ki 19:28, 35, 37.[4]
WRATH, WRATH OF GOD
God’s wrath is real, severe, and personal. The idea that God is notangry with sinners belongs neither to the OT nor to the NT. God is a personal moral being who is unalterably opposed to evil and takes personal actions against it. Wrath is the punitive righteousness of God by which He maintains His moral order, which demands justice and retribution for injustice.
Moreover, God’s wrath is inextricably related to the doctrine of salvation. If there is no wrath, there is no salvation. If God does not take action against sinners, there is no danger from which sinners are to be saved. The good news of the gospel is that sinners who justly deserve the wrath of God may be delivered from it. Through the atoning death of Christ, God is propitiated and His anger is turned away from all those who receive Christ (Rom. 3:24–25). Therefore, those who have faith in Christ’s blood are no longer appointed to wrath but are delivered from it and appointed “to obtain salvation” (1 Thess. 1:10; 5:9).
Jimmy A. Millikin[5]
[1]Tan, P. L. (1996). Encyclopedia of 7700 Illustrations: Signs of the Times(p. 132). Garland, TX: Bible Communications, Inc.
[2]Strong, J. (1995). Enhanced Strong’s Lexicon. Woodside Bible Fellowship.
[3]Torrey, R. A. (2001). The new topical text book: A scriptural text book for the use of ministers, teachers, and all Christian workers. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Bible Software.
[4]Torrey, R. A. (2001). The new topical text book: A scriptural text book for the use of ministers, teachers, and all Christian workers. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Bible Software.
[5]Millikin, J. A. (2003). Wrath, Wrath of God. In C. Brand, C. Draper, A. England, S. Bond, E. R. Clendenen, & T. C. Butler (Eds.), Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary(pp. 1688–1689). Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Publishers.